Embedded Files
The study below (in PDF and MS Word formats) lays out the analysis of Dr. Fry (who runs this website), in detail, of the 5 major albedo effects triggered by adding GHGs to the air. It was published in December 2020 in Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change.
It also projects the evolution of and GHGs and albedo into the future, using 6 GHG scenarios, for their effects on Earth’s surface temperature. With the increase of GHGs since publication 4+ years ago, the projected temperatures for today's CO2 and CH4 levels would be a little higher.
Albedo Changes Drive 4.9 to 9.4°C Global Warming by 2400. PDF, 15 pages
Albedo Changes Drive 4.9 to 9.4°C Global Warming by 2400 - Fry 1020 DOCX, 28 pages
The main presentation (slide show) summarizes global warming - the evidence, the impacts, and what to do. The paper above was developed out of research summarized in the slide shows. The slide show (updated most months) is available in PPTX and PDF formats.
Global Warming - So What? PPTX (Office 2011) Last updated March 2025.
This set of 100 slides takes 86 minutes to view. Many of the slides are dense with information, so information on slides generally rolls out a bit at a time. When a black dot appears in the upper right corner of a slide, click to continue.
(The slides works well with PowerPoint, but the many graphs, plus timing and direction of text roll-out, get mangled with Keynote. Open Office is also missing text color.) If you cannot use PowerPoint, try the PDF version, available here:
Global Warming - So What? - PDF
Global Warming - So What? - PPT (older Office), with 82 slides is also available. It was last updated in April 2017. (When a recent version of Office (PPTX) opens an older version (PPT) file, it declares an “error.” Formatting changes it makes to “repair” the file create a few vertical mis-spacings in complex text.)
Much of the same information is here (Global Warming - So What - DOC), a 2016 scholarly paper with references, an abridged version of the slide show at that time, with less detail than the Lite version but more than the Mini one. It does not include much of my albedo research and projections of the future.
Additional slides, with further details, are available here: Additional Slides. These 34 slides take almost half an hour to view.
Shorter slide shows summarizing the situation are also available.
They have most, much, or some of the same information.
Global Warming - So What? - Lite (PPTX) has 81 slides. It takes 66 minutes to view. It omits many details. Last updated Janury 2023.
The PDF version is here: Global Warming - So What - Lite - PDF.
Global Warming - So What? - Mini (PPTX) has 69 slides and takes 52 minutes. It also omits explanations of warming. Updated Janury 2023.
Albedo Feedbacks-Why Emissions Reduction Alone Is Way Not Enough.pptx (PPTX) has 37 slides and takes 25 minutes. April 2025. It adds very recent data on large-scale cloud changes and their large (and accelerating) effects on albedo and warming.
A Look at Earth's Albedo & Temperature (PPTX) 29 sides, 15 minutes. January 2025
For a small audience of international climate experts who focus on CO2 removal and especially re-brightening (cooling) Earth.
A 15-minute presentation (28 slides) from August and October 2019, oriented toward the science, is available here:
Climate Feedbacks - Why We Must Go Far beyond Carbon Neutral
Another version (39 slides, 23 minutes), from an international conference in September 2022, is here:
Dominant Role of Albedo Feedbacks in Recent and Future Warming
A quite similar version (43 slides, 23 minutes), from an international conference in August 2022, is here:
Key Role of Albedo Feedbacks in Recent and Future Warming.
The presentation is developed in more scientific depth below, but with less text and diagrams per slide.
Feedbacks - Why Carbon Neutral Is Way Not Good Enough
Its 92 slides take 38 minutes to view.
Below are 5 videos of my PPTX slide shows,
as well as 6-7 slide shows for download.
They are complex PowerPoint slides. Their effects (fly in from bottom and timing) work poorly in Google Slides, Keynote, or Open Office.
At the bottom is a video by futurist Tony Seba on how lower prices for green electricity and electric vehicles will drive their rapid adoption.
Short
67 slides, 42 minutes. Developed for a class of high school science teachers, it has more filler material, such as tables of contents, recaps, etc.
Medium
One is a 70-slide version video (48 minutes)
Long
. Presentation with updated projection through 2400, developed for an audience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in October 2018 is available below as slides, not video.
Just the Slideshow
Feedbacks - Why Carbon Neutral Is Way Not Good Enough Slideshow only. No Commentary.
43 slides take about 26 minutes to view. As shown above, slower phase-out (2035 peak) goes with an estimated 9°C warming by 2400, while phase-out by 2050 combined with massive CO2 removal, mostly later this century, can hold warming by 2400 to less than 3°C. 2°C warming is probably not possible without 4 things simultaneously: (1) rapid phase-out of fossil fuels, (2) massive CO2 removal - soon, (3) refreezing the Arctic Ocean, and (4) ongoing injections of aerosols or particulates into the stratosphere.
25 minute Video with Commentary
A 35-slide video for an August 28-29, 2020 conference from London. 25 minutes. It adds my findings on climate sensitivity.
27 minute video with commentary
A 42-slide show for an October 24-27, 2020 conference from MIT and Beijing. It adds my research on warming trends since 1975 (see mid-page above) across the US.
The older presentation below focuses on lessons that climate change several million years ago hold for Earth’s climate in the next few decades to centuries. Written for the educated public, including scientists, its 35 slides take 24 minutes to view. To model the future to 2400, it emphasizes changes in how much sunlight reflects from Earth’s surface and atmosphere (clouds, haze), plus natural emissions from permafrost, etc. Emissions since this show was developed (400 ppm CO2, vs 419 in 2021) commit Earth’s land surface to more warming than shown in the title.
Note the earlier data, from early 2018 or before, when CO2 and CH4 levels were lower and not quite as much future heating (4.5 or 7.8, versus 4.9 or 9.4) was baked in.
For audience in India. It was updated (50 slides takes 31 minutes) and adapted for an international audience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
This presentation focuses on lessons that climate change in earlier eras holds for Earth’s climate in the next few decades to centuries. Written for a broader audience, its 31 slides take 20 minutes to view.
This 26-slide presentation gives more detail on temperature trends in the US. It takes 13 minutes, plus appendices (54 slides) with details for each region and state.
14 key Warming Slides
Slides for Massachusetts Citizens Climate Lobby - 30 slides, 12 minutes, April 2021. It emphasizes the coming rapid decarbonization of electricity production and ground transportation, due to economic forces of innovation in batteries, solar and wind.
This slideshow draws on Tony Seba’s work, featured in the video to the left. A must-watch for understanding our emission trajectory for the next 1-2 decades.
The remainder of the site address aspects of climate change. They include excerpts from the slide shows, plus many articles. Over half of the figures are drawn from the articles directly above (or to the right).
5 sections show how climate is changing, starting with Overviews. 2 sections are about the carbon cycle. 5 sections detail impacts, starting with Bio-Impacts. 3 sections cover energy, starting with "Fossil Fuels & Nuclear Energy”. 3 sections cover government actions, carbon pricing, and economics. 2 sections are data sets and 1 is about me.
The shortcuts to sections and pages flow down from the 3 short horizontal lines at the top left of any page.
This website contains several books, plus some 16,000 articles, with 1,500-2,000 illustrations (some multiple panel, some duplicate), most drawn from the articles.
The articles are arranged with the most recent at the top, within a topic. Month and year come after an article's title, e.g. 0522 for May 2022. Sections have 5-12 pages, many with multiple topics, each with many articles (files) and usually some illustrations. Over 1/3 of the more than 17,000 articles appear in more than one place, as relevant. Links to other pages in a section and other sections (Site Map) appear below the pages.
Some 350 articles in PDF form are original scientific studies or summary studies (e.g., IPCC report pieces or US National Climate Assessment chapters). But some 17,000 are summaries of more studies (RTF format, plus a few in DOC), drawn from the scientific press. About 500 more files are small data bases in XLS or XLSX. For example, daily Arctic Ocean ice area or global surface temperatures; weekly US drought indices; monthly US electricity by source / fuel; quarterly ocean heat content; annual CO2 emissions by nation; mean of daily summer high temperatures, by US city by month and year; etc).
Dr. Gene R. H. Fry
gene.fry@rcn.com
781-698-7176
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