Oceans

Heat Gain

Inside Australia's Climate Emergency - Tasmania’s Dead Sea 0220

An Ocean of Evidence on Warming Is Our Cue to Take Action - Now 0119

Warm Water under Arctic Ice Is a ‘Ticking Time Bomb’ 0818

Climate Change Has Doubled the Frequency of Ocean Heat Waves 0818

Antarctic Ocean Discovery Warns of Faster Global Warming 0618

Oceans Are Warming Rapidly, New Study Confirms 0617

Climate Change Is Literally Turning the Arctic Ocean Upside Down 0417 - warm salty water below, fresh icy water above

The Arctic Is Warm Again Because of Course It Is 0317

Open Water near North Pole Is a Sign of a Rapidly Warming Arctic 0916

Soaring Ocean Temperature Is ‘Greatest Hidden Challenge of Our Generation' 0916

Southern Ocean Is Getting Less Salty.  What That Means for the Rest of Earth 0816

The Blob - How Marine Heat Waves Are Causing Unprecedented Climate Chaos 0816

The Biggest Body of Warm Water on Earth Is Getting Even Bigger 0716

Warmer Indian Ocean Could Be 'Ecological Desert', Scientists Warn 0116

The Oceans Are Heating Up Faster than We Thought.  Why That Matters. 0116

Concerns Deepen about a Climate-Change ‘Wild Card’ 0915

Global Warming Is Reversing 1,800 Years of Natural Ocean Cooling 0815

Heat is Piling Up in the Depths of the Indian Ocean 0515

Going with the Flow - Scientists Probe Changes in the East Australian Current 0515

The Gulf Stream System May Already Be Weakening.  That's Not Good. 0315

Deep Mystery - Are the Seas Warming or Cooling? 1014 - As the 2 scientific studies (Durack and JPL), also summarized in the 3 perspectives below, state - for ocean warming below 2,000 meters deep, the warming signal did not rise above the noise.  But for ocean above 2,000 meters, the warming was very substantial.  In fact, it found more warming there (1/4 to 1/2) than previous recent studies did - with the difference concentrated in the Southern hemisphere.

     This means we have seriously underestimated the amount of warming that has occurred in recent years.

Ocean Warming Understimated - 3 Perspectives 1014

Greenland Sea Has Warmed 10 x Faster Than Global Ocean 1113

Global Ocean Heat Content 0413 - PDF

West Australian Coastal Waters Gripped by Marine Heat Wave 1212

Ocean Heat Gain Since 1993 (summary #1) 0510

Ocean Warming 1993-2008 (summary #2) 0510

Oceans Warmed 50% Faster Than Expected 0608

Warming Deep Seas 0606 - PPT

Ocean Warming - Levitus 0105 - PDF

Sea Level: Past

Sea Level Is Rising at Fastest Rate in at Least 2,000 Years 0321

If sea level rise continues accelerating at the pace shown at right up till 2023, seas could rise ~3.5 meters by 2100.

Sea Level Rise from Greenland, Antarctica Ice Melt Matches Worst-Case Scenario 0920

Ancient History of East Antarctic Ice Has Unsettling News for Sea Level Rise 0720

A Puzzling Past Sea Level Rise Might Have Its Missing Piece 0420 - sediments ananlysis indicates melting took place mostly in the ice sheet between Scandinavia and Svalbard, plus some north of Zfinalnd-Karelia.

CO2 Levels at Highest for 3 Million Years – When Seas Were 20 Meters Higher 0419 - take 1 on study

The Last Time CO2 Levels Were This High, Trees Grew at the South Pole 0419 - take 2

Today’s Earth Looks like It Did 115,000 Years Ago, except Massive Sea Level Rise 0219

Ancient Storms Could Have Hurled Huge Boulders, Scientists Say – Raising New Fears of Rising Seas 1017

Study Suggests the Ocean Could Rise More, and Faster, than We Thought 1017

Sea Level Rise Is Accelerating in Florida, Scientists Warn 0717

Sea Level Rise Is Accelerating, with Greenland in Leading Role 0617

Pace of Sea Level Rise Has Nearly Tripled since 1990 - 0517 - Pace had been overestimated for 20th century.

China Blames Climate Change for Record Sea Levels 0317

Ancient Warm Period Hints at Bigger-than-Expected Sea Level Rise 0117
    6 to 9 meters higher than today, at same temperature as today, 125,000 years ago

Antarctic Past Points to Sea Level Threat 0117 - 3 meter rise 14,700 years ago

Methane May Not Last Long in the Air, but It Drives Sea Level Rise for Centuries 0117 - as does CO2

Volcanic Eruptions Masked True Effects of Climate Change on Sea Levels 0816

Better Models of Antarctic Ice Collapse Show Much Faster Sea Level Rise 0416

'Dire Prediction' on Melting Antarctic Ice Sheets and Rising Sea Levels 0416

Climate Forecasts Underestimate Sea-Level-Rise Impact of Antarctic Thaw 0316

Ice Melt Could Make Seas Rise 6 Feet by 2100 - 0316

James Hansen Warns of Much Worse than Expected Sea Level Rise 0316

Sea Level Rise?  Can We Pump Quadrillions of Tons of Seawater 2 Miles High? 0316

Preparing for the Inevitable Sea-Level Rise 0216

Downpours over Land Have Slowed Sea Level Rise 0216

Groundwater Depletion Adding to Global Sea-Level Rise 1215

Rising Sea Levels More Dangerous than Thought - NASA 0815 rising faster / sooner than IPCC said

A New Climate-Change Danger Zone? 0715 - ice loss doubling, + slow down & stop ocean circulation

James Hansen Is Getting the Cold Shoulder 0715 - reaction to Hansen study

Prediction of Rapid Sea Level Rise Won’t Change Global Climate Talks 0715 - impact of Hansen study

James Hansen Just Outlined an Alarming Scenario for Our Planet’s Future 0715 - ice loss keeps doubling for years

Ice melt, sea level rise & superstorms - paleoclimate data, climate modeling & modern observations show 2°C global warming is highly dangerous - Hansen et al. 0715 - PDF, 121 pp - multi-meter sea level rise, etc. by 2100 to 2200

Sea Levels Could Rise At Least 20 Feet 0715 - take 1 on study of sea level rise 3, 0.4 and 0.12 million years ago.
    not Hansen

Why Earth’s Past Has Scientists So Worried about Sea Level Rise 0715 - take 2.  Action in Greenland & Antarctica

Sea-Level Rise Accelerating, as Earth's Ice Sheets Melt  0515

Obama’s Trip to Florida Everglades Is a Shrewd Move in Climate Debate 0415

Antarctica's Retreating Ice May Re-Shape Earth 0215

Sea Levels in Northeast Jumped 5 Inches in Just 2 Years 0215

Acceleration in Sea-Level Rise ‘Steeper’ 0115

     Sea level has varied greatly over the course of geological history, from perhaps 400 feet higher than today to ~ 420 feet lower than today.  (Levels far higher than today, very long ago, were augmented by different vertical distribution of land mass, due to many-million year plate tectonic movements.)   Sea level since 35 million years ago has been no more than 240 feet higher than today, but sea level was 400 feet lower than today as recently as 20,000 years ago.

     Worldwide, sea level has risen perhaps 1 inch per century in the last 3,000 years, but perhaps 2 inches per century in the 3,000 years before that.  Local sea level rise varies modestly from the global average - depending on land subsidence, any glacial rebound, and uplift from tectonic plate movements.  Global sea level rose 8 inches during the 20th century.
    In 2011 sea level rise was 13 inches per century.  About 1/2 of that is due to thermal expansion of warmer water.  Melting ice in Greenland and Antarctia contributes almost ~1/4.  ~1/4 comes from glaciers in Asia, North America, Europe, and elsewhere.  ~1/20 comes from mined groundwater.

     From 15,000 to 8,000 years ago, seas rose 1.5 meters (5 feet) per century, 4.5 times today's rate, including 4 meters (14 feet) per century for one 700-year period.

     Over the past 800,000 years, as shown below, sea level changes have followed changes in atmospheric CO2 (and CH4) pretty closely.  The difference between minima and maxima was ~110 meters, or 360 feet.

During Meltwater Pulse 1A, sea level rose 4+ meters per century, for 7 centuries.

Sea Level Rise Acceleration 0922 - Rate doubled in last 20 years.

Sea Level Rise over Past Century Unmatched in 6,000 Years 1014

Note: Atlantic Ocean relative to North Carolina only.  Its coast may have subsided.

1980-2010

Sea Level: Future

Sea Level Rise from Greenland, Antarctica Ice Melt Matches Worst-Case Scenario 0920

Sea Levels Could Rise More than a Meter by 2100, Experts Say 0520 - survey of 106 scientists who published at least 6 peer-reviewed papers on the subject in major academic journals

By 2100, Melting from Greenland Alone Could Raise Sea Level 3 or 4 Feet 0819

Can Trillion-Ton Snow Cannons Save Us from Sea-Level Rise? 0719

Rise in Global Sea Levels Could Have ‘Profound Consequences' 0519

Tampa Bay Leaders Should Prepare for Seas to Rise Up to 8.5 Feet by 2100 - 0519

Studies Shed New Light on Antarctica’s Future Contribution to Sea Level Rise 0219

Maryland Sea Level to Rise 1.2 to 4.2 feet by 2100 - 0119

At This Rate, Earth Risks 20 to 30 Feet Higher Seas, Historical Analysis Shows 0918

Geo-Engineer Polar Glaciers to Slow Sea-Level Rise 0318

Actions Today Will Decide Antarctic Ice Sheet Loss and Sea Level Rise 0318

Seas to Rise about 1 Meter, if Climate Goals Are Met, + 20 cm per 5-Year Delay 0218

Sea Level Rise Is Accelerating - 4 Inches Per Decade (or More) by 2100 - 0218

Major Trend of More Snowfall Seen in Antarctica Could Counter Sea Level Rise 0118

Seas May Rise 8 Feet by 2100, Inundating Land That's Home to 236 Million 1217 below, 1250 cm = about 49 feet, while 130 cm = a bit over 5 feet.

Study Suggests the Ocean Could Rise More, and Faster, than We Thought 1017

Sea Level Rise Is Accelerating in Florida, Scientists Warn 0717

Rare US Floods to Become the Norm if Emissions Aren't Cut 0617

Scientists Keep Increasing Projections of Sea-Level Increase by 2100 - 0417

Sea Level Rise Could Send U.S. ‘Climate Migrants' Fleeing to Austin, Atlanta 0417

Final Obama Climate Reports Projects Seas to Rise 1 to 8 Feet by 2100 - 0117

New Orleans Will See One of the Highest Sea Level Rises in the World 1116

What It Means for Sea Level When 2 Huge Antarctic Glaciers Are Unstable 1016

Scientists May Have Solved Key Riddle about Antarctica.  It’s Bad News. 0916 - another DeConto-Pollard study

Better Models of Antarctic Ice Collapse Show Much Faster Sea Level Rise 0416 - includes take 3 on DeConto study.

'Dire Prediction' on Melting Antarctic Ice Sheets and Rising Sea Levels 0416 - take 3 on DeConto-Pollard study.

Ice Melt Could Make Seas Rise 6 Feet by 2100 - 0316 - take 1 on DeConto-Pollard study.  40+ feet by 2500 possible

Climate Forecasts Underestimate Sea-Level-Rise Impact of Antarctic Thaw 0316 - take 2.  50+ feet by 2500 possible

James Hansen Warns of Much Worse than Expected Sea Level Rise 0316 - take 2 on study below

We Had All Better Hope These Scientists Are Wrong about Earth’s Future 0316 - take 1 on study below

Ice Melt, Sea Level Rise and Superstorms: Evidence from Paleoclimate Data, Climate Modeling, and Modern Observations that 2°C Global Warming is Dangerous - Hansen et al. 0316  - PDF, 20 pp. - abridgement of the final peer-reviewed publication.  The draft from July 2015 is above, under Sea Level Rise - Past, which informs the projected future, below.
    Cold icemelt from Antarctica spreads out along the ocean surface.  That prevents the vertical mixing (warmer water to the top) there that has driven the great ocean circulation.  In Antarctica, the warmer water below the ice eats away at placiers from underneath.  Cold icemelt from Greenland leads to shutdown of the Atlantic overturning circulation.
    Ice losses from Greenland and Antartica grow, modelled as exponentially, with doubling times of 10, 20, or 40 years.  Sea level rises non-linearly, 5-9 meters over 50 to 150 years.  This is simlar to what happened 120,000 years ago, when sea levels rose from 3-4 meters higher than today to about 9 meters higher, including 2-3 meters within several decades.  (For perspective, the sea level range (maximum - minimum) over the recent ice ages was about 125 meters.)

Preparing for the Inevitable Sea-Level Rise 0216

Sea-Level Rise ‘Could Last Twice as Long as Human History' 0216

Weakening Ice Shelves Raise Sea Level Rise Concerns 0216

Why the U.S. East Coast Could Be a Major ‘Hotspot’ for Rising Seas 0216

Ocean Warming is Making Floods Worse 0116

Hansen 2015 Ice Melt Predictions - PDF

Worst-Case Scenario for Sea Level Rise- No More New York, Berlin or Shanghai 0915

Climate Change and the Fate of Antarctica 0915

Study Predicts All Antarctic Ice to Melt if All Fossil Fuels Are Burned 0915

Seas Will Rise More Around the US, Less Around Antarctica 0115

Pakistan's Coastal Villagers Retreat as Seas Gobble Land 0115

Almost 7,000 UK Properties to Be Sacrificed to Rising Seas 1214

What's Causing How Much of Sea Level Rise 1014

Storm Surge Could Flood NYC 1 in Every 4 Years 0414

How High Will Seas Rise?  Ask the Experts. 1113

Timing a Rise in Sea Level 0813

Sea Level Rise Locking In Quickly, Cities Threatened 0713 

Models Suggest 2.3 Meter (4 LT) Sea-Level Rise per 1°C Warming 0713 (See Figures on Weather, Sea Rise+ page.)  Caveat: paleoclimate studies indicate ~8 meters sea level rise LT per 1°C.

Maps of Regional Sea Level Rise Variation 0213

Sea Level Rise Making Floods Routine for Coastal Cities 1014

Sea Level to Rise Despite More Snow in East Antarctica 1212

Seas to Rise 0.2 - 2.0 Meters by 2100 - NOAA 1212

Sea Level Rise to 2100 - NOAA 1212 - PDF

Paleoclimate Implications for Human-Made Climate Change - Hansen 1212 - PDF, in Springer book

Climate Downgrade- Sea Level Rise 1112

Sea Levels Rising 60% Faster Than IPCC Projections 1112

Sea Level Rise from Polar Ice Quantified 1112 

US East Coast to Be Early Casualty of Rising Seas 0812 

Sea Levels Rose Quickly 14K Years Ago 0612 

2ºC Warming Could Trigger Catastrophic Sea-Level Rise 1211

US Atlantic Sea Levels Rising Fastest in at Least 2000 Years 0611 

Sea Level 10-40 M Higher in Mid-Pliocene (~ 3 Mya) 0411

Indian Ocean Rising 0710 

1.4 Meter Sea Level Rise Likely by 2100 as Antarctic Ice Melts 1209 

15 Million Years Ago Says 380 ppm CO2 => Seas 25+ Meters Higher 1009 

Stern's Bad News from Copenhagen 0309 - sea level rise, food shortages

Seas Will Rise 1 Meter This Century 1008

3.3-3.0 Million Years Ago, Sea Levels Usually +30 to -30 Meters from Today's 1008 - PDF

Sea Level Rise May Be 2x IPCC # 1207

% Area & Pop Less Than 10 Meters Above Sea, World & Regions 0407 - PDF

Sea Level 3 Million Years Ago - Dowsett 1090

     At first glance, sea level might rise 65-73 meters (214-240 feet).  61-69 meters come from melting ice: 5-7.5 from Greenland and 3.3-6 from West Antarctica, ~0.5 meters from "mountain" glaciers, and 52-66 from East Antarctica.  (While Wikipedia estimates that Antarctic ice has 70 meters of sea level rise equivalent (SLRE) in water, the USGS in 2013 cut its estimate from 73 to 55.3 meters SLRE, according to Phil Blum at www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/11/map-sea-level-rise-probably-wrong-its-too-optimistic/71246/?goback=%2Egde_119460_member_5803866787263037442#%21.

     4-8 meters comes from sea water's thermal expansion.  Warming the world ocean by 5°C would raise sea level perhaps 4 meters, while 10°C (which prevailed 130-40 million years ago) would raise it 8 meters.  Warming the entire ocean by 5°C would take ~ 2,500 years, at the current heating and expansion rate of 1.6 mm/year.  But it would take less as heating speeds up, with more CO2 in the air.

     However, based on past sea levels over 60 million years, the upper bound on sea level rise is ~75 meters.  Almost enough to make Memphis a seaport.  Burlington and Brattleboro, in Vermont, might become seaports.  98% of New York City would lie beneath the waves.

     The life expectancy for Greenland's ice, based on 1992-2011 ice loss rates, is ~11,000 years.  For West Antarctica, ~29,000 years.  But ice loss rates have continued accelerating.  (Greenland's rate recently rose 7-fold in 17 years, Antarctica’s doubled in 4.)

     Until about 2010, East Antarctica was gaining ice, but more slowly than West Antarctica is losing ice.  More recent data suggest East Antarctica (on the whole, some areas gain, others lose) is losing ice, but the amount is smaller than the uncertainty band.  That is, its % net annual volume change is modest compared to the “noise”.  Modeling suggests that melting all of East Antarctica's ice could take several million years.  But studies of East Antarctic glaciers show that, in recent decades, they receded when temperatures there warmed (Stokes 2013).  Morever, when atmospheric CO2 levels were this high (almost 400 ppm) 4 million years ago (and slightly higher 15-20 million years ago), much higher sea levels indicate that East Antarctica lost 10-40% of its ice (6 to 23 meters of SLRE).  The question is how FAST its ice melts.

     Since the last glacial maximum, sea level rise rates from melting ice peaked at 4 meters per century 14-15,000 years ago (during Meltwater Pulse 1A), or 1+ inch per year.  Temperatures now are rising 30 time as fast as then, but only 1/3 as much ice is left.  It remains to be seen how fast sea level will rise this time.  But sea level rise will accelerate from current levels.  1 inch/year is a reasonable, if high, estimate by 2100: just below the 1.1 inch/year upper bound for 2050-2100 in the draft 2013 US National Climate Assessment (next graph).

     Sea level might rise 5 feet (60 inches) or more by 2100.  See city sea level rise maps below.  A 12-foot rise might well happen by 2200.  A 25-foot rise appears unlikely till after 2300.  But the uncertainty is large.  The dates depend on our emissions and Mother Nature's, plus our success in removing carbon from the air (with some help from Mother Nature).  Our knowledge about the dates also depends on how well we understand ice loss dynamics from Greenland and Antarctica.  We are learning that our models have underestimated some rates and failed to acount for, or inadequately accounted for, some ice dynamics.  (See Ice Dynamics section on Ice page.)

Ice Apocalypse 1117 - summary by a leading ice scientist



Present

+5 Feet

+12 Feet

+25 feet

What if all Earth's ice melted? 68.3 Meters of sea level rise

         Central California                     Eastern US

Acidification

The 3 maps and text, about ocean CaCO3 concentrations, are from the US EPA.

     "Corals require the combination of temperature, light, and the presence of calcium carbonate, which they use to build skeletons.  As atmospheric CO2 levels rise, some of the excess CO2 dissolves into ocean water, reducing its calcium carbonate saturation.

     "As the maps indicate, calcium carbonate saturation has already been reduced considerably from its pre-industrial level.  Model projections suggets much greater reductions in the future.  The blue dots indicate current coral reefs."  EPA

Effects on Oxygen & Life

Articles

Why Our Oceans Being the Warmest in Recorded History Is So Concerning 0823
    Marine life struggles with heat, its resulting oxygen loss, and acidification.  Coral is especially hard hit.  It also, via the warming-melting effects on Greenland and Antarctic ice, slows down Atlantic Ocean circulation, especially the AMOC and Gulf Stream.  They may collapse by mid-century, slowly and possibly as soon as 2025.  The warming also melts sea ice, a major feedback that further accelerates global warming.

As Ocean Oxygen Levels Dip, Fish Face an Uncertain Future 0523

Climate Change Is Making Crabs Lose Their Sense of Smell 0523

Another Casualty of Climate Change - Dissolved Oxygen 0423

Scientists Build New Atlas of Ocean's Oxygen-Starved Waters 1221

Warmer, Oxygen-Poor Waters Threaten World’s ‘Most Heavily Exploited’ Fish 0122

Marine Oxygen Levels Are the Next Great Casualty of Climate Change 1121

World’s Oceans Are Losing Oxygen Rapidly, Study Finds 1219

The Ocean Is Running Out of Breath 0219

Baltic Sea Oxygen Levels at '1,500-Year Low due to Human Activity' 0718

Click for more

Global Warming Could Deplete the Oceans’ Oxygen, with Severe Consequences 0416

Deoxgenation due to climate change is already detectable in some parts of the ocean.

New research from NCAR finds that it will likely become widespread between 2030 and 2040.

Other parts of the ocean, shown in gray, will not have detectable loss of oxygen due to climate change even by 2100.

(Image courtesy Matthew Long, NCAR.)

Circulation & Other

Why Our Oceans Being the Warmest in Recorded History Is So Concerning 0823

     Marine life struggles with heat, its resulting oxygen loss, and acidification.  Coral is especially hard hit.  It also, via the warming-melting effects on Greenland and Antarctic ice, slows down Atlantic Ocean circulation, especially the AMOC and Gulf Stream.  The AMOC may collapse by mid-century, give or take a few decades and possibly as soon as 2025.  The warming also melts sea ice, a major feedback that further accelerates global warming.

Stronger Evidence of Slowing Atlantic Ocean Circulation 0221

The Oceans Appear to Be Stabilizing Stratified.  Here's Why it's Very Bad News 0920

Changing Patterns of Ocean Salt Levels Give Clues to Extreme Weather on Land 0920

Increased Freshwater in Arctic Ocean Could Affect Global Climate Systems 0820

Fresh Water Is Pouring into the Arctic Ocean.  Climate Change Is to Blame. 0820

What Sub-Arctic Seas Influencing the Arctic Ocean Says about Climate Change 0720

Indian Ocean System Driving Extreme Weather in Australia Likely to Worsen with Global Heating 0320

Climate Change is Pushing Giant Ocean Currents Poleward 0220

Most Ocean Currents Are Speeding Up, a Mega-Scale Result of Climate Change 0220

Melting Sea Ice Is 'Atlantifying' the Arctic 1019

Unabated Bottom Water Warming and Freshening in the South Pacific Ocean 0219

Surprising New Picture of Ocean Circulation Could Have Major Consequences for Climate Science 0119
    more sinking east of Greenland than west of it

'Tipping Point' Risk for Arctic Hotspot 0119

Huge Stretch of Arctic Ocean Is Rapidly Turning into the Atlantic, in Bad News 0618

How Melting Arctic Ice Could Cook the Tropics 0618

Neighboring Seas Are Flowing into a Warming Arctic Ocean 0518

Ireland Could Face ‘Far Colder Winters and Warmer Summers’ 0418

Antarctic Bottom Water Formation Is Slowing, Threatening Ocean Circulation 0418

Avoid Gulf Stream Disruption at All Costs, Scientists Warn 0418

The Oceans’ Circulation Hasn’t Been This Sluggish in 1,000 Years 0418

Fast-Melting Arctic Is Already Messing with the Ocean’s Circulation 0318

Dire Ocean Scenario Is Stark Reminder of Why We Must Stop Climate Change 0318

Cooling Patch in North Atlantic Presages Slowing Ocean Circulation 0817

Climate Change Is Literally Turning the Arctic Ocean Upside Down 0417 - warm salty water below, fresh icy water above

Drastic Cooling in North Atlantic beyond Worst Fears, Scientists Warn 0217

New Studies Show Rex Tillerson Is Wrong about Climate Risks 0117 - One study (below) shows Gulf Strem will slow / stop.

Global Ocean Circulation More Vulnerable to Shutdown than We Thought 0117

Greenland Ice Melt Could Push Atlantic Circulation to Collapse 0117

How Climate Change Could Jam the World's Ocean Circulation 0916

Southern Ocean Is Getting Less Salty.  What That Means for the Rest of Earth 0816

US East Coast Snowstorms Linked to Slowdown of Atlantic Current 0116

Concerns Deepen about a Climate-Change ‘Wild Card’ 0915 - slowdown & stop in global thermohaline circulation

Going with the Flow - Scientists Probe Changes in the East Australian Current 0515

How Tiny Sea Animals Affect Ocean Currents 0914

Desert Dust Feeds Deep Ocean Life 0714

Scientists Warn of 'Deadly Trio' Risk to Ailing Oceans 1013 - acidification, warming, oxygen depletion

Warming Oceans Will Affect the Planet's Poorest 1013

Climate Change Moves Nemo Current to the South 1013

Lower Ocean Salinity Intensifies Rain Extremes 0412

Huge Growing Pool of Arctic Water Could Cool Europe 0112 

World Oceans in Shocking Decline 0611 

80% of Pacific Islands Not Shrinking 0610 

Gulf Stream Is Not Slowing Down 0310

Warming Cuts Ocean Oxygen Content 0508 

Section Map: Water